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ARTICLE  The demonstrative Adjectives a, an , the are called Articles. As they are used in almost every sentence, they may not be considered a separate part of speech. It is more correct to class them as adjectives:  There are two kinds of articles a or an and the.  A and An are called Indefinite Article because they do not refer to a particular person or thing Their function is not to define but to generalize a thing. They are used before the things that we can count.  The Indefinite Article is used before singular countable nouns; as  A pen, an egg, a boy, a man, an umbrella.  The is called the Definite Article because it defines some particular person or thing.  The Definite Article is used before singular countable nouns, plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns; as  The chair, the chairs, the sugar, the milk.  Use of the indefinite Article  1 . The indefinite article 'a' is used before a singular word beginning with a consonant except  words beginning with sil

INTERJECTION  Interjection is word used as an exclamation to express sudden or strong feeling as: Hurrah, Oh, Alas, Ah, Bravo, Good Gracious, etc. FUNCTION: It reveals the sudden or strong feeling expressed abruptly. However, it in not related to the rest of the sentence. The interjections are words/sounds which denote some sudden and strong feelings or emotions; as_  Hurrah! We have won the match.  Hello! Where are you going?  Alas! Don't make a noise.  Hush! We missed the train.  Uses of interjection:  Hello! is used as greeting to call attention and answer a call on the telephone.  Ah and Alas! Express grief.  Hush! is used to call attention.  Hurrah! is used to express joy.  Pooh! Expresses hate, disgust, scorn, etc.  Ha, ha! Expresses amusement.  Words and phrases used as interjection:   Good bye! Good bye my friend.  Fare well! Fare well my comrade.  Good gracious is used to express surprise. Good heavens expresses surprise.  Well, Well! Expresses surprise and relief. B

CONJUNCTION  The conjunction is a joining word. It is used for the purpose of joining words, phrases, clauses or sentences; as_ He bought fruit and sweets.  Ajmal is poor but he is generous.  I cannot work more because I am tired. Ahmed is hard working and dutiful.  Classes of Conjunctions:  Conjunctions are divided into two classes:  (1) Coordinating conjunctions.  (2) Subordinating conjunctions.  Co-ordinating Conjunctions:  Co-ordinate means of equal rank. A co-ordinating conjunction, therefore, joins together the clauses of equal rank, The chief co-ordinating conjunctions are:  And, but, or, nor, for, otherwise, also, either --- or, neither nor, stilt, only that, only, else, so, yet. Co-ordinating conjunctions are sub divided into four classes:  (i) Cumulative Conjunction:  These add one statement to another; as_  We laid down our lives and we defended our country.  (ii) Alternative Conjunctions:  These imply a choice between the two alternatives;  You will give in or you will fa

  PREPOSITION  A preposition shows the connection of a noun or pronoun with another word. A preposition can be define as, A word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else.  OR Preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun, pronoun to a noun, Adjective or verb in a sentence. Function: It governs a noun or pronoun. Examples :  (a) She is in the room.  (b) He is waiting for the train at the station. (c) Is she at home? She is at the sea-side.  (d) He is at the table.  (e) She lives at Clifton Karachi. (f) There is a cow in the garden. (g) The girl is fond of music.   Kinds of preposition  Prepositions can be arranged into the following classes:  (a) Simple prepositions  Examples :  At, in, of, off, on, out, by, for, from, , till, to, up,through, with.  (b) Compound prepositions  Compound prepositions which are generally formed by prefixing a preposition. (usually a = no or be = by to a noun,

ADVERB   An Adverb is word which qualifies, adds something to a verb or modifies the meanings of a verb an adjective or another adverb:  He moves freely . This is a very interesting book.  He explained the matter quite clearly.  In the first sentence 'freely' modifies the verb moves. In the second sentence 'very' modifies the meaning of the adjective 'interesting'. In the third sentence (quite) modifies the meaning of the adverb 'clearly'.  Kinds of Adverb:  There are three kinds of Adverbs:  1. Simple Adverbs  2. Interrogative Adverbs  3. Relative Adverbs  1. simple Adverbs modify the meaning of the words to the words to which they are attached. Simple Adverbs are further divided into the following classes:  (i) Adverbs of Time : They show time, as:  We shall now begin a new chapter.  The train will arrive soon .  I have met him before .  Why did you arrive late ?  He reaches office early .   He visits us daily .   I received your letter yesterday